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Everybody is aware of the dangers that come with the smoking. The nicotin in the cigarette is the substance that make people addicted to it. It?s make the smoker feel good like the other drugs using. Many people are the regular smoker. There are reasons that why people start smoking, some are blaming the pressure, society, or the family member. When they started to smoke, some of them are not know about the bad things of smoking that they may come across, especially on their health., delicious.com
"Everybody is aware of the dangers that come with the smoking. The nicotin in the cigarette is the substance that make people addicted to it. It?s make the smoker feel good like the other drugs using. Many people are the regular smoker. There are reason" Posted by kungpoa to "cold turkey" nicotin "quitting smoking" dangers smoking methods health on Wed Jan 07 2009, connotea.org

Tob Control, Vol. 8, No. 4. (1999), pp. 402-410.OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent to which Chinese American and white minors differ in age of smoking initiation, and to determine the effect of acculturation on smoking initiation. DESIGN: Cross-sectional telephone surveys. SETTING: Stratified random samples of the state of California, United States. SUBJECTS: 347 Chinese American and 10 129 white adolescents aged 12 through 17 years, from the California Tobacco Survey (1990-93) and the California Youth Tobacco Survey (1994-96). OUTCOME MEASURES: Hazards (risk) of smoking initiation by age, smoking initiation rate, cumulative smoking rate, mean age of smoking initiation, and acculturation status. STATISTICAL METHODS: Life table methods, proportional hazards models, and chi(2) tests. RESULTS: The risk of smoking initiation by age among Chinese American minors was about a third of that among white minors. The risk for Chinese Americans continued to rise even in later adolescence, in contrast to that for whites, which slowed after 15 years of age. Acculturation was associated significantly with smoking onset among Chinese Americans. Acculturation, smoking among social network members, attitudes toward smoking, and perceived benefits of smoking were associated with the difference in hazards of smoking onset between Chinese American minors and their white counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: Chinese American adolescents had a lower level and a different pattern of smoking onset than white adolescents. Levels of acculturation and other known risk factors were associated with the hazards of smoking initiation among Chinese American minors and with the difference in smoking initiation between the Chinese and white adolescents. Tobacco prevention policies, strategies, and programmes for ethnically diverse populations should take acculturation factors into account.X Chen, JB Unger, CA Johnson, citeulike.org

Prev Med, Vol. 34, No. 4. (April 2002), pp. 476-484.BACKGROUND: Few studies have assessed the effects of access to cigarettes and peer influences on adolescent smoking in non-Western countries. Using samples characterized by two distinct cultural, social, and economic systems, this study evaluated the associations of friends' smoking and perceived access to cigarettes with adolescent smoking behavior in California and Wuhan, China. METHODS: Survey data were obtained from 5870 eighth-grade students in the Independent Evaluation of the California Tobacco Control Program and 6992 seventh- to ninth-grade students in the Wuhan Smoking Prevention Trial. Odds ratios for lifetime and 30-day smoking, according to friends' smoking and perceived access to cigarettes, were calculated for boys and girls in both samples and compared. RESULTS: California students were more likely than Wuhan students to have friends who smoked and to perceive easy access to cigarettes. The smoking prevalence was lower in Wuhan than in California, mainly due to the low smoking prevalence among Wuhan girls. Friends' smoking was strongly associated with smoking in both samples, and the strength of this association did not differ between the two cultures. Access to cigarettes was associated with a higher risk of lifetime smoking in both cultures and a higher risk of past 30-day smoking in California only. CONCLUSIONS: Despite divergent tobacco control policy enforcement, social structures, and cultural contexts, similarities exist between Wuhan and California. The findings suggest support for adapting a social-influences-based smoking prevention program developed in the United States to the culturally specific needs of youth in Wuhan, China.JB Unger, L Yan, S Shakib, LA Rohrbach, X Chen, G Qian, CP Chou, S Jianguo, S Azen, H Zheng, CA Johnson, citeulike.org

Am J Public Health, Vol. 94, No. 2. (February 2004), pp. 300-307.OBJECTIVES: We examined the relationship between acculturation and tobacco use behaviors among Chinese Americans. METHODS: Using a Chinese-language instrument based on validated questions from several national surveys, we conducted in-person, household-based interviews with 712 representative adults aged 18-74 years. RESULTS: Observed smoking prevalence was 29% for men and 4% for women. Predictors of smoking cessation included being 35 years and older and having a high level of tobacco-related knowledge. Acculturation was positively associated with a history of never smoking, as was being younger than 35 years and having a high level of tobacco-related knowledge. CONCLUSIONS: Acculturation was positively associated with never smoking among men but not with smoking cessation. However, knowledge of tobacco-related health risks was associated with both. Results indicate a need for language-specific educational interventions.D Shelley, M Fahs, R Scheinmann, S Swain, J Qu, D Burton, citeulike.org

Tob Control, Vol. 7, No. 1. (1998), pp. 27-34.OBJECTIVES: To measure the prevalence and patterns of, and risk factors for, smoking and other tobacco use among Vietnamese men in Massachusetts (United States). METHODS: Data were obtained via a telephone interview of 774 Vietnamese men in 1994. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey administered via telephone in 1994. SETTING: Massachusetts, United States. SUBJECTS: Randomly selected Vietnamese men (n = 774). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Present and past use of tobacco products, knowledge and attitudes regarding tobacco, and risk factors for tobacco use. Results were compared with data from the Massachusetts general population. RESULTS: Vietnamese men smoked at a rate 1.9 times that of the Massachusetts general men's rate (43% vs 24%). The smoking rate did not decrease with increasing length of residence in the United States. In a logistic regression, risk factors for current smoking were: age in the thirties; history of parental smoking; lower educational level; higher depression score; low level of exercise; lack of health insurance; and geographical origin from the south coast of Vietnam. Smoking cessation declined with increasing depression score. Most smokers (76%) had no plans to quit smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Vietnamese men smoke at much higher rates than the general population, and are much less likely to be planning cessation. High rates of depression and sociocultural barriers to smoking cessation must be addressed in efforts to reduce tobacco use among this high-risk population.JM Wiecha, V Lee, J Hodgkins, citeulike.org

Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, Vol. 14, No. 8. (August 2005), pp. 1976-1980.Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death for the U.S. Hispanic population. The goal of this study was to identify social and behavioral correlates of smoking behavior among urban, multiethnic Latino primary care patients seen in community clinics. Spanish-language interviews were completed with 141 current smokers and 158 former and nonsmokers. Twenty countries of origin were represented. Eighty-three percent of participants were from Central or South America and 71% spoke primarily Spanish. Current smokers were more likely than nonsmokers or former smokers to originate from South America (38% versus 26%) and to be single (63% versus 42%). Current smokers also were more likely to use alcohol on a regular basis (59% versus 31%) and to experience daily symptoms of depression (29% versus 19%). Logistic regression analysis suggested a moderating effect of depression on the relationship between alcohol use and smoking, such that current users of alcohol who reported depression were more likely to smoke (82%) than were current users of alcohol who did not report depression (56%). As both social and behavioral factors were uniquely associated with smoking, country of origin, marital status, and comorbid alcohol use and depression should be considered in designing and implementing tobacco control interventions targeted to this community.L Sanderson Cox, S Feng, J Cañar, M McGlinchey Ford, KP Tercyak, citeulike.org

Health Educ Res, Vol. 19, No. 6. (December 2004), pp. 615-625.The relationship between acculturation and smoking behavior was examined in four Asian-American groups that included recent immigrants and US-born Koreans, Chinese, Vietnamese and Cambodians residing in the Delaware Valley of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The study was part of a community-based, comprehensive cross-sectional study designed to assess a broad array of knowledge, attitudes and behaviors on tobacco use and tobacco-related cancer issues in the target multi-ethnic and multi-lingual Asian-American community. The sample of 1374 respondents was selected using a stratified-cluster proportional sampling technique, with a response rate of 83%. Findings indicated that acculturation had a variable effect on smoking behavior: more acculturated youth and less acculturated male adults had higher smoking rates than the less acculturated youth and the more acculturated male adults. Smoking rates for all females were generally lower than those of males regardless of acculturation status; however, acculturated adult females had a higher smoking rate than the less acculturated.GX Ma, Y Tan, JI Toubbeh, X Su, SE Shive, Y Lan, citeulike.org

J Ethn Subst Abuse, Vol. 5, No. 2. (2006), pp. 75-90.This study provides new information about how acculturation and perceived social norms affect adolescents smoking among four Asian-American subgroups. Results showed differences in smoking prevalence rates across subgroups, with Koreans having the highest rates of smoking, while Chinese have the lowest rates. In contrast to the large gender disparity in the ancestral countries, smoking rates were equal for Asian-American boys and girls. Acculturation was significantly associated with an increased risk for lifetime smoking for Asian-American girls, but not for boys. Perceived social norms regarding peer smoking were significantly associated with smoking behaviors for both genders and for all subgroups.JW Weiss, JA Garbanati, citeulike.org